Surfactants are amphiphilic molecules that have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups. The hydrophobic group of surfactants is generally composed of long-chain hydrocarbons, such as linear alkyl groups C8-C20, branched alkyl groups C8-C20, alkylbenzene groups (the number of alkyl carbon atoms is 8 - 16), etc. The difference between hydrophobic groups is mainly in the structural changes of hydrocarbon and hydrocarbon chains, which are small, while there are many types of hydrophilic groups. Therefore, the properties of surfactants are not only related to the size and shape of hydrophobic groups, but also mainly related to hydrophilic groups. The structural changes of hydrophilic groups are greater than that of hydrophobic groups, so the classification of surfactants is generally based on the structure of hydrophilic groups. This classification is based on whether the hydrophilic group is ionic, and divides it into anionic, cationic, non-ionic, zwitterionic and other special types of surfactants.
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