Surfactants are organic compounds with special structure and properties. They can significantly change the interfacial tension between the two phases or the surface tension of liquids (usually water), and have wetting, foaming, emulsification, washing and other properties.
In terms of structure, surfactants all have a common feature, that is, their molecules contain two groups with different properties. One end is a long-chain non-polar group, which can be soluble in oil but not in water. That is, the so-called hydrophobic group or hydrophobic group. This hydrophobic group is generally a long-chain hydrocarbon compound, sometimes organic fluorine, organic silicon, organic phosphorus, organic tin chain, etc. The other end is a water-soluble group, namely a hydrophilic group or hydrophilic group. The hydrophilic group must be sufficiently hydrophilic to ensure that the entire surfactant is soluble in water and has the necessary solubility. Since surfactants contain hydrophilic groups and hydrophobic groups, they are soluble in at least one phase in the liquid phase. This hydrophilic and lipophilic nature of surfactants is called amphipathic.
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